White Paper·ASHRAE·2021
An ASHRAE technical white paper on the factors accelerating the transition of data centers from predominantly air-based to liquid cooling. The document links rising CPU, GPU, FPGA, and memory power levels to the limitations of air-based systems in terms of airflow, temperature, noise, rack density, and personnel safety. It examines ASHRAE water classes, direct liquid cooling and immersion cooling, and the implications for PUE, TCO, power delivery, heat reuse, and deployment in enterprise, HPC, and colocation data centers.
Liquid coolingDirect Liquid CoolingImmersion coolingData center cooling
Details →Government Report·Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory·2016
This Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory study, supported by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Federal Energy Management Program, estimates energy use by U.S. data centers from 2000 to 2020. The model covers servers, storage systems, networking equipment, and facility infrastructure, using data on the installed base of IT equipment and PUE by facility type. The report compares the current trend with a counterfactual scenario in which 2010 efficiency levels are maintained, and examines the potential of improved management, best practices, and workload migration to hyperscale data centers.
Data center energy consumptionPUEHyperscale data centersEnergy efficiency
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